I heard that Indra becomes alert for His post when humans perform tapasya? Can a human replace Indra from his post before the duration of the post is complete?

 Yes, but it needs some qualification. Srimad Bhagavatam does repeatedly portray Indra becoming alarmed when someone performs extraordinary austerities or sacrifices, as a recurring theme. But it isn't really a case of an ordinary human doing some tapasya and Indra thinking, “I could lose my job.” The people involved are extraordinary figures, and their austerities produced extraordinary power.

Here’s a list of incidences from Srimad Bhagavatam:

King Prthu’s 100th Sacrifice Canto 4, Chapters 19–20

Dhruva Maharaja’s Penance (Universal Disturbance. All the demigods were panicking) Canto 4, Chapters 8–9

Diti’s Vow & Birth of the Maruts (although this was to protect his life I’ve put it in anyway as Indra attempted a preemptive strike by attacking the unborn baby) Canto 6, Chapter 18

The Decapitation of Vishvarupa (This resulted in the appearance of Vritrasura, who proceeded to make mince-meat of the devas. Indra rallied the celestial armies against him, but they were unable to defeat him. Eventually Vritrasura agreed to let Indra kill him. It's a great story.) Canto 6, Chapter 9

Hiranyakasipu’s Tapasya (Indra raids Hiranyakasipu’s palace and takes his pregnant wife hostage. In this case Indra’s worst fears were fully justified!) Canto 7, Chapters 3, 4 & 7

King Bali’s 100 Sacrifices (Indra fled. Vamana saved the day) Canto 8, Chapters 15–23

King Sagara’s Horse (Indra bewildered to sons of Sagara to disrespect Kapila causing them to self immolate) Canto 9, Chapter 8

Nara-Narayana Rsi’s Austerities (Indra Sends Apsaras, didn’t exactly work as planned) Canto 11, Chapter 4

Other incidences not mentioned in Bhagavatam include: Birth of Skanda/Kartikeya (Indra Attacks the Infant) – Skanda Purana/Mahabharata (Vana Parva)

Sage Kandu’s Distraction (Indra Sends Pramloca) – Vishnu Purana.

The point is that Indra occupies a post, and the post itself is temporary. Extraordinary accumulation of pious or ascetic potency can produce extraordinary consequences within the material hierarchy. So there is a real mechanism behind Indra’s concern.

Bhagavatam repeatedly shows the limitation of Indra's perspective. He can become attached to his position and protective of it, but Krishna's arrangements are much broader than Indra's immediate interests. Sometimes Krishna intervenes proactively to preserve the status quo, and sometimes He allows the story to run its course, leading to a greater climax.

All the accounts from Srimad Bhagavatam can be read online here:

https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/

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